Sunday, November 28, 2010

Dual-Competitive Government

I just revisited my own idea during sleep. *doh*

This may be a silly idea ("Impossible") or may took many years to implement", here's how it will go...

Warning: This is a Thought Experiment, spare me the laughter... :)



The present Governmental Weakness
  1. The current government (Executive) evaluation process took a long time, 5 years or more to make the leader submit their self-evaluation. It will be to late for change to take place. We need adaptive Government with specific Key Performance Indicator which can be evaluated at any point of time by the House of Representative.

  2. The ruling government once elected was difficult to be changed. Furthermore, some people will become upset if their leader changed before their time is up. We need a system that will Zeroing the unneccessary cost of political change.

  3. There is strong suspicion that after being elected, the Executive in their 2nd to 3rd year of their ruling time will collect fortune for themselves , while in the 4th year busy polishing their record in order to win the next election. We need a system that force them NOT to do this or at least make it difficult.

  4. It's difficult for the Executive member to voice their "official" dissenting opinion/concern that serve as self-reflection and early notification for the House of Representative to embrace a "heads-up" signal when crisis arrived. We need a system that promote self-reflection mechanism without the fear of being fired or marked as rebel.

  5. Some leaders are "Leader in Crisis", typically have strong recovery management, while other "Leaders in Growth", typically have many creative ideas to make new breakthrough. We need a system that facilitate a means for both type of leaders to co-exist.
  6. There are condition where HoR doesn't do what people concerned of, in this case people can do their own "civil disobedience" and therefore crippling some of the KPI which related to a specific Leader governance that they dont like, so it will be switched to other Leader. They dont have to wait for 5 years to do it.

The Implementation

  1. The Presidential Candidate will have to campaign from the beginning stating whether they are favoring in the side of "Growth" or "Crisis", they must to pick only one. (And also their program, target, but that's not what we mainly concerned of right now).

  2. In the election, People will be asked to pick two Presidential Candidate, one from "Growth" and one from "Crisis" (ideally from different party, or different interest, and independent), simply put they will be asked to whom they will be convinient to be lead during Good Time and Bad Time. (I do strongly advocate that not at presidency level but at ministrial level, but I will accept this adjustment for simplification)

  3. Once elected, both of them (Leader in Growth and Leader in Crisis) will be given a "President" status (for a simple reason, that people have elected them), any Institution within the country will treat them as equal. HoR, based on current KPI, will appoint which President will be in charge first. (Is the country in Crisis or in Growth?)

  4. When Leader in Growth is in-charge/active, the Leader in Crisis may not protest anything, their job is simply as an observer (listen and report) and make report to House of Representative about their concern, so that the House of Representative may call the current active President.

  5. Leader in Crisis may not openly criticize, threat, undermine, hinders, remove Leaders in Growth to perform their duties, and vice versa. Such attempt can be considered as Inconstitutional by HoR. Leader in Crisis may only voice their concern to the HoR (request a meeting) and to the masses but it can be done once every several determined months, that if and only if the KPI had an strong indication that may lead toward Crisis. It is HoR job to decide whether to make Press Release or not regarding the meeting content.

  6. Each of them are required to state their KPI (low and high), Programs and Ministers. For example: Leader in Crisis will set their Economic KPI at 1% - 4%, while Leader in Growth will set their KPI at 3% - 6%. The intersect lies within 3%-4% boundaries. The job of House of representative is to set the median value, for example 3%.

  7. Leader in Crisis during "his/her inactive time" is guaranteed of equal access to information for every ministrial report. Every accsss of information is replicated between both Leader, it works like a carbon copy. Ministers must submit their report to both President.

  8. Suppose the economic growth drop to 2%, below the median value (3%), then the Leader in Crisis will automatically takeover the economic responsibilities and the condition #5 is reversed (Leader in Growth will be temporarily discharged/relieved of duty), Leader in Growth may not protest anything. The condition #5 is reversed again if economic growth is above its median value (3%), at 4%.

Interesting Features of this kind of Government

  1. Swift and legal transition in the Executive Body,
  2. It shifted the President power from monopolistic to oligopolistic, so assuming both of them craving for power, it will be a competitive government.

  3. Allow for both conservative and progressive style of government to co-exist.

  4. Different skill-sets is required for different conditions, and we let the people choose what the best for them in Bad or Good Time.

  5. There is disincentive for Executive to not performing well, they will be out of job and power.

  6. Self-Critic/Assesment can be conducted at any point of time without the fear of being fired, left hands know what right hands going to do.

  7. Still maintaining effectivity, because only one decision maker can exist at one time,

  8. Still maintining efficiency, because not all government is replicated, only the Leaders and the reports.

  9. If you think Vice President mechanism is sufficient to replace my proposal, well, I humbly think it is NOT, because VP is being hand-picked as an Aide by President and of course if must follow the President orders and have lesser power. In my type of government, it doesn't work that way.

That would be all I guess,... and ridiculous as it may seems, but since I haven't read it anywhere in the Internet, so I'll named is as "Dual-Competitive Government (DCG) " and I'll claimed it as my idea... :P

Thursday, November 25, 2010

Bacaan Ringan

The Dynamics and The Role of Government

Memang jalanan Jakarta sangat ramah dengan orang-orang yang gemar melamun seperti saya. Saya tidak diberi kesempatan untuk melepaskan diri dari hobby ini selama masih tinggal di Jakarta. Apalagi kalau hari sedang hujan, saya diberikan keleluasaan yang optimal untuk melamun.

Lamunan saya masih seputar tulisan sebelumnya mengenai vegetarianism. Bagi pembaca budiman yang bosan, saya ijinkan untuk membaca postingan lain di Blog ini yang tentunya lebih berkualitas dan berbobot. Sebelumnya sekali lagi saya utarakan disini, bahwa posisi saya dalam hal vegetarianism adalah netral. Kebetulan saja lamunan saya entah mengapa selalu mengarah ke topik ini.

Recall dari tulisan terdahulu (bisa dilihat dibawah), fungsi konsumsi Mankind dalam kondisi normal adalah: XM = XPM + XHM + XIKM+ XIBM. Dengan tingkat pertumbuhan populasi M = ICM + GMN - XMN.

Mother Earth atau Planet Bumi memiliki kapasitas maksimum dalam menampung jumlah seluruh organisme hidup. Dalam set model tulisan ini, kapasitas maksimum dari Mother Earth (ME) adalah ME = P + H + C + IK + IB +M. Cukup logis apabila diasumsikan Mankind mendapatkan tampat khusus di hati ME karena kemampuan dan tingkah lakunya. Sehingga dalam memaksimumkan kapasitasnya, ME mengikuti fungsi:

max : ME Capacity
s.t : M dan XM
dimana M adalah fungsi pertumbuhan populasi Mankind dan XM adalah fungsi konsumsi Mankind.

Melalui derivasi dan penyelesaian menggunakan Lagrange, dapat diketahui jumlah Mankind Optimum serta jumlah Konsumsi optimumnya yang sesuai dengan ME capacity. Dalam hal ini mohon untuk tidak memaksa saya mengeluarkan hitung-hitungannya. Terus terang saya sendiri belum membuatnya. Saya hanya dapat membayangkan hasil akhirnya.

Analisa sebelumnya merupakan analisa statis. Sehingga terkesan dangkal dan kurang kontroversial. Dalam hal ini saya akan memaksa dimensi waktu untuk masuk kedalam model ‘kurang kerjaan’ ini.

Dengan memasukkan analisa waktu, modelnya menjadi sedikit rumit. Konsumsi mankind menjadi XM(t) = XPM(t) + XHM(t) + XIKM(t)+ XIBM(t). Sedangkan tingkat pertumbuhan populasi mankind menjadi M(t) = ICM(t) + GMN(t) - XMN(t). Salah satu logika yang mendasari dimasukkannya variabel waktu ini adalah adanya faktor musim. Dalam suatu rentang waktu tertentu Mankind akan mengkonsumsi katakanlah herbivore lebih banyak karena sedang turun salju. Namun bisa jadi ketika sedang musim panas, Mankind akan lebih banyak mengkonsumsi Ikan. Dengan set model demikian, fungsi optimalimasi ME menjadi

max : ME Capacity (t)
s.t : M(t) dan XM(t)

Hasilnya adalah jumlah Mankind Optimum pada time (t) dan konsumsi Mankind optimum pada time (t) yang dapat diterima oleh ME. Kemudian apa dampaknya apabila suddenly Mankind menjadi vegetarian? Fungsi optimalisasinya akan berubah menjadi

max : ME Capacity (t)
s.t : M(t) dan X’M(t)
dimana X’M(t) adalah Konsumsi Mankind dalam kondisi vegetarian.

Hasil dari derivasi dan penyelesaian fungsi lagrange-nya menjadi aneh dan tidak logis. Dalam hal ini saya menyimpulkan akan terjadi natural imbalance.

Analisa diatas bisa saja dikembangkan lagi kedalam dimensi ruang dan waktu, sehingga salah satu fungsi-nya menjadi M(it) dan XM(it). Namun penyelesaian masalah ini dengan ikhlas saya serahkan bagi siapapun yang punya waktu melamun lebih banyak dari saya.



The Role of Government

Sekarang bayangkan apabila secara serta merta hadir sebuah sindikat Mankind yang menamakan dirinya government. Sindikat Mankind ini memiliki tugas yang mulia, oleh karenanya berhak mengambil pajak dari Mankind lainnya. Government dalam hal ini mempunyai dua pilihan haluan kebijakan. Pertama adalah promote vegetarianism, kedua adalah ban vegetarianism. Government dapat menggunakan kebijakan moneter atau kebijakan fiskal untuk melakukan dua pilihan haluan kebijakan tersebut.

Apabila haluan kebijakan yang dipilih adalah promote, government dapat melakukan proyek penanaman Plant (P) secara besar-besaran atau memberikan subsidi pada P. Sedangkan untuk haluan kebijakan ban, government dapat menerapkan pajak bagi P atau subsidi bagi herbivore (H).

Karena tulisan ini sudah demikian panjang, saya akan persingkat analisanya langsung pada kesimpulan. Pada haluan kebijakan promote, hasil dari kebijakan government akan mempercepat proses “vegetarianisasi”. Dengan kata lain, government akan speed up pencapaian natural imbalance. Sedangkan untuk haluan kebijakan ban, kebijakan pajak bagi P dan subsidi bagi H akan menimbulkan lonjakan populasi pada H. Which in return akan menimbulkan natural imbalance. Either way, kebijakan government akan berujung pada natural imbalance.

Sebagai penutup dari tulisan ini, poin penting yang dapat dijadikan diskusi adalah kemunculan government yang in the end selalu menimbulkan natural imbalance. Apabila Mankind dibiarkan left alone, turn around ke fungsi konsumsi semula dapat langsung dilakukan apabila benar menjadi vegetarian akan menimbulkan natural imbalance. Sedangkan dengan adanya government, turn around tersebut bisa jadi lebih lama atau kearah lain yang juga imbalance.

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

The Paradox of Specialization


"The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour"
Adam Smith ( Wealth of Nations, 1776).
Now, Lets imagine 2 economic societies, where each of them consists a total of N population, as follows :

Society #1: Adopting Specialists Strategy
[ 1 Economist + 1 Engineer + ...... + 1 Psychologist ]

All workers in society #1 are highly skilled, ie: all of them are PhD in their fields.

Society #2: Adopting Generalist Strategy
[ 1 ( Economist & Engineer ) + ...... + 1 (Economist & Psychologist ) ]

All workers in society #2 are mediumly skilled, ie: all of them are undergraduate or even less, but they had at least 2 degree in different fields.



Smith argue that this society #1 (The Specialist) is far more productive compared to society #2 (The Generalist) due to increasing return to scale properties.
 
However, I think "Smith, You are wrong !!!" *how dare of me, heheheh* I argue that society #2 will result in a far more creative, dynamic, enduring and thus a far more superior society. My arguments are as follows:

1. Dont put your eggs in one basket, if someone due to economic shock losses his/her job in society #2, he/she can switch his role easily and serve the community with different knowledge he/she posses compared to person in society #1, so society #2 has more labor/job flexibility than that of society #1 while maintaining average productivity.

2. In the light of argument above, suppose if 1 member in the society #1 died without passing their knowledge to their youngs, society #1 will experienced the effect of "forgetting a technology", but this didn't happen in society #2 because at least there are 1 other person who also know about the technology, so society #2 is more resilient in terms of preserving the technology compared to society #1.

3. According to game theory, Coordination cost will exponentially increases as each new additional node/players enter the game of cooperation. There are higher chances for society #2 member to have exactly all the required knowledge foundation with lesser people compared to society #1. It means lesser coordination cost and therefore society #2 is more liquid and more likely to complete the cooperative works in time.

4. Different knowledge exists in 1 person will allow for the ideas to meet and mate more efficiently, thus society #2 citizens are capable of creating new ideas and propagating ideas at faster speed. This also means that new ideas can be scrutinized by different people having different knowledge domain, result in having a more comprehensive and creative solution.

So, I arrived at the conclusion that "Specialization may not be that good after all !", or perhaps there should be an optimality constraint in the degree of specialization.

I rather agree with the following quote:
"A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects."
-Robert A. Heinlein

Okay, Smith, I'm done with you,... ;)

Monday, November 22, 2010

Bacaan Ringan



Are We Actually Saving Our Planet by Turning Into a Vegetarian?
Dalam perjalanan panjang di belantara jalan raya Jakarta, sebuah spanduk yang sudah usang dimakan polusi menarik perhatian saya. Di spanduk tersebut terdapat tulisan “prevent global warming by becoming a vegetarian”.
Saya tidak tahu apa yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan pengemudi di Jalanan Jakarta ketika sedang macet, namun saya pribadi biasanya menghabiskan waktu dengan melamun. Tulisan di spanduk tadi membuat lamunan saya menjadi berkualitas.
Saya membayangkan apa yang akan terjadi apabila jumlah vegetarian mengalami peningkatan. Sebelumnya perlu digarisbawahi bahwa posisi saya dalam hal “vegetarianism” ini adalah netral. Saya tidak against, namun juga tidak agree dengan konsep vegetarianism. Saya hanya mencoba meng-konkrit-kan lamunan saya menjadi sebuah bahan diskusi.
Tulisan ini tidak dibuat berdasarkan pengetahuan ilmiah dalam hal Biologi atau bidang ilmu apapun yang terkait dengan Rantai Makanan. Angle yang diambil adalah perspektif orang awam yang memiliki sedikit pengetahuan dibidang hitung-menghitung. Sehingga apabila banyak penyederhanaan yang dilakukan, semoga tidak mengurangi sense dari analisa mengenai “apakah benar Bumi akan terselamatkan apabila manusia menjadi vegetarian”.
Analisa mengenai vegetarianism akan saya mulai dari gambar rantai makanan dibawah


Gambar diatas mencoba menggambarkan rantai makanan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan di Bumi. Secara sekilas dapat diihat bahwa gambar tersebut merupakan penyederhanaan dari kondisi actual yang terjadi. Namun demikian hal ini dimaksudkan agar fokus dari tulisan ini tidak keluar dari konteks. Saya membagi rantai makanan kedalam dua bagian, kehidupan darat dan kehidupan air. Rantai makanan tersebut akan berakhir di mankind, subject tulisan ini sekaligus berstatus sebagai omnivore.
Analisa Rantai Makanan dimulai dari natural resource tanaman dan biota laut (sungai) yang berkembang biak dengan mengambil energi dari matahari. Herbivore adalah pemakan tumbuhan pada kehidupan darat, sedangkan Ikan Kecil merupakan agregasi dari segala binatang air yang memakan natural resources yang ada di laut (sungai). Pada kehidupan darat, herbivore akan dimakan oleh carnivore, sedangkan di kehidupan air, Ikan Kecil akan dimakan oleh Ikan Besar. Ikan Besar dalam hal ini merupakan agregasi dari segala binatang air yang tidak memakan natural resources.
Tingkat pertambahan jumlah (growth) masing-masing entitas dalam gambar dinotasikan dalam persamaan yang ada di-‘dalam kurung’. Pertumbuhan jumlah tanaman P adalah ICP + GPN + GPM. Dimana: IC adalah Initial Condition, GPN adalah pertumbuhan tanaman yang secara natural terjadi dan GPM adalah pertumbuhan tanaman yang dihasilkan oleh mankind.
Terdapat satu entitas yang pertumbuhannya tidak dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas dari mankind, yaitu Ikan Besar. Dalam hal ini saya mengsumsikan bahwa tidak logis bagi mankind untuk membuka sebuah peternakan Ikan Paus atau Ikan apapun yang berukuran jumbo. GCM atau pertumbuhan carnivore oleh mankind, merupakan notasi bagi hewan peliharaan mankind seperti Anjing atau Kucing.
Notasi ‘X’ yang terdapat disetiap garis panah merupakan tingkat konsumsi oleh masing-masing entitas. Sehingga dalam hal ini XPH adalah jumlah plant yang dikonsumsi oleh herbivore, XHM adalah jumlah herbivore yang dikonsumsi oleh mankind, dan seterusnya.
Terdapat Tiga asumsi yang dianggap ceteris paribus dalam analisa ini. Pertama adalah mankind diasumsikan tidak mengkonsumsi carnivore. Kedua adalah apabila terjadi ‘kecelakaan’ yang mengakibatkan carnivore memakan mankind. Misalkan dalam perjalanan di gunung terjadi musibah mankind dimakan oleh harimau atau dalam sebuah liburan di laut ada mankind yang dimakan oleh ikan hiu. Ketiga adalah apabila terjadi bencana alam seperti kebakaran hutan atau tsunami.
Secara umum persamaan pertumbuhan dari masing-masing entitas adalah tingkat pertumbuhannya dikurangi entitas lain yang mengkonsumsinya. Sehingga dalam hal ini pertumbuhan dari entitas Plant adalah ICP + GPN + GPM - XPH - XPM - XPN. Dimana XPN adalah jumlah plant yang mati secara alamiah (natural). à P = ICP + GPN + GPM - XPH - XPM - XPN
Khusus untuk mankind tidak terdapat entitas yang mengkonsumsinya sehingga persamaan pertumbuhannya adalah M = ICM + GMN - XMN. Dimana XMN adalah jumlah Mankind yang mati secara natural.
Pola konsumsi mankind dalam menjalani kehidupannya didasari pada tiga prinsip, yaitu:
1. Untuk kebutuhan (subsisten)
2. Untuk Stock
3. Untuk pengolahan (industri)
Pada kondisi yang natural mankind mengkonsumsi Plant, Herbivore dan Ikan untuk bertahan hidup. Sehingga dalam kondisi equilibrium fungsi konsumsi Mankind adalah: XPM + XHM + XIKM + XIBM.
Jumlah dari fungsi konsumsi mankind sama dengan kebutuhan berdasarkan tiga prinsip diatas. Sehingga dalam kondisi equilibrium setiap entitas masih dapat berkembang biak karena tidak habis seluruhnya dikonsumsi oleh mankind. Setiap entitas yang dikonsumsi oleh mankind merupakan proporsi dari kapasitas maksimum mankind. Sehingga apabila mankind tidak mengkonsumsi XHM, maka proporsi konsumsi XIKM misalnya, akan meningkat sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kapasitas maksimumnya.
Kemudian apa yang akan terjadi apabila mankind menjadi vegetarian atau dalam set bahasa diatas menjadi herbivore. Secara langsung jumlah populasi Herbivore, Ikan Kecil dan Ikan Besar akan mengalami peningkatan karena tidak lagi dikonsumsi oleh mankind (XHM , XIKM , XIBM hilang dari persamaan).
Mankind akan berkompetisi dengan herbivore dalam bertahan hidup. Dalam hal ini pemenangnya jelas mankind karena keunggulannya dalam kemampuan berfikir. Jumlah herbivore yang menurun akan mengakibatkan carnivore mencari sumber makanan lain, yaitu mankind.
Sedangkan untuk kehidupan di laut. Karena tidak lagi dikonsumsi oleh mankind, maka populasi Ikan Kecil dan Ikan Besar akan meningkat. Dalam kondisi yang ekstrem, mankind tidak lagi dapat berlibur ke pantai karena sudah penuh dengan Ikan Hiu atau lainnya. Atau dapat juga diprediksi bahwa jumlah plankton menjadi berkurang karena semakin banyak yang mengkonsumsi. Sehingga terjadi gangguan dalam ekosistem Air.
Apakah kondisi demikian merupakan solusi yang masuk dalam kategori menyelamatkan Bumi?



Monday, November 15, 2010

Catatan terhadap ekonomi Indonesia

Hello Word,
Perkenalkan, saya Tara, mahasiswa ekonomi UI yang ikut-ikutan Andri untuk coba nulis ekonomi di blog ini :p.

Satu hal yang harus dicatat di awal adalah: kami masih pemula. Jadi harap dimengerti sekiranya ada kesalahan di sana-sini.

Untuk tulisan pertama ini, saya mungkin belum bisa menuliskan analisa yang tajam ataupun solusi. Saya justru ingin memberikan catatan atas keterbatasan yang ada.

Berbicara ekonomi Indonesia, masalah terbesar adalah DATA. OK, kita ada data dari BPS, ada laporan Departemen Perdagangan, ada laporan Departemen Keuangan, dll. Pertanyaannya, seberapa validkah data-data tersebut? Untuk data transaksi keuangan, mungkin bisa disebut cukup valid, karena sumbernya dari perbankan yang memiliki sistem informasi kuat.
Tapi untuk angka kemiskinan, export, import, perdagangan antar pulau, nilai transportasi, jumlah penduduk miskin, distribusi pendapatan, dll.. seberapa valid data ini?

Dari pengamatan sepintas yang saya lakukan, data berbagai departemen sepertinya sangat diragukan. Termasuk angka export dan import, apakah itu sudah mengcover adanya selundupan? Apakah sudah mengcover adanya transfer pricing?
Untuk data BPS, saya belum bisa berkomentar karena belum pernah tahu sedikitpun bagaimana cara kerja mereka.

Jadi kesimpulan sementara terkait data: HARAP BERHATI-HATI ketika melihat analisa ekonomi dengan menggunakan data. Harus dianggarkan untuk adanya suatu kesalahan data.

Yang kedua: terdapat banyak distorsi terhadap ekonomi Indonesia. Pertanyaan sederhana: berapa seharusnya tarif listrik yang wajar? Berapa seharusnya subsidi pemerintah ke PLN? Berapa sebenarnya keuntungan BUMN?
Boleh dibilang, selama terkait pemerintah (baik belanja pemerintah, perijinan, ataupun BUMN), maka rawan untuk adanya distorsi dari politisi. Apalagi untuk hal-hal yang bernilai besar. Kasus IPO Krakatau Steel yang terbaru, merupakan salah satu contoh kemungkinan adanya distorsi (berapa nilai pasar Krakatau Steel yang tepat?).

Jadi kalau ada yang bilang: Indonesia menganut pasar bebas, STOP! Tunggu dulu, di mana pasar bebasnya? Khusus untuk yang besar-besar justru diragukan pasar bebasnya.

OK, sementara dua point itu aja untuk catatan. Berharap habis ini bisa menulis dengan lebih baik. Sebenernya ada ide sih untuk menulis tentang sistem ekonomi Indonesia, bagaimana sebaiknya kebijakan Pemerintah terhadap ekonomi dengan memperhatikan keadilan ekonomi (ini hasil diskusi dengan dosen TI ITB: Pak Senator). Tapi ini panjang, nanti cari waktu lagi dah :D.

Prelude To Evolutionary Economics Analysis

Economics is a science observing about human behavior in fulfuling their daily and future needs. Therefore I say that if we learn Economics only through old wisdom of Economics founders, plain maths and models, we are doomed to commit one of the deadliest sin of economics, that is a wrong baseline assumption, because we have not factored in the hidden driving forces, eg: the irrationality, egocentrism/selfness and the limitation of human decision making capability.

We know that the strongest chain is only as strong as its weakest chain, therefore not counting above mentioned factors (human weakest chain) will result in overestimation of economic model that will breaks if its weakest link had been severed.


Economics is a product of human culture, it is adaptive to the change of environment but it also suffers imperfection, for example: inequality of value between human male and female from traditional lenses compared to modern lenses, therefore we also need to understand how it evolve to its present state (I will attempt to dissect it in future blogs to come).

Human, as any other organisms, will pursue the following:

1. (Behavior #1) Nutrients via working, to satisfy his/her hunger and thirst, very powerful instinct, has reptilian origin, can cause failure of "advanced reasoning" and "social structure" if this requirement is denied. If it's constantly denied, then it is even possible for a society to deteoriate to the point of cannibalism, but it is an extreme case or perhaps requires a collective of aberrant individual behavior to make it happen, but yes, modification of eating behavior is possible.


Usually male had to do the dangerous-hunt while female do the food gathering from surrounding environment. In advanced society, this separation of job between sex become blurred, and human male or female will be doing things not related to food gathering, but to perform specific task which society requires them to do, eg: clerk, engineers, etc, but the end result is still the same.


2. (Behavior #2) Sexual Procreation, to produce future offspring, very powerful instinct that governs intra-species behavior especially for human in their sexually active period, this is also a reptilian origin aiming to preserve one' genes, in human however it is also aimed to make sure that in their old age there will be successor to take care their daily needs.

Different sex in the human species responded differently to this issue:

a. The male objective function is to make out to as many fittest females as they can find, subject to other male competition and behavior #1.
  • Male had to impress female with his "peacock tails" such as physical shape (to guarantee healthy offspring), brain (to guarantee skilled offspring) and niceness (to guarantee a socially-fit offspring). Strange it may seems, but human indirectly promote "Survival of the nicest", where the niceness is emphasized as the fittest traits/important feature in human reproduction selection.
  • In order to make as many offspring as possible, human male will try make out with as many female as possible (implicating for less commitment), but this strategy met the constraints from female reproduction "filters" that looks for male with high commitments, so this is a limiting factors for human procreation speed.
  • Under primitive and undemocratic social structure however, this "female filters" can be "silenced" / "suppressed" socially. This can be observed via religious/old texts which generally depicts one to many male to female relationship, but not the other way around.
b. Female objective function is to deny reproduction excessive behavior because it can result in their death due to giving birth.
  • Reproduction phase also drain female wealth because she had to re-allocate her assets for her offspring. So it is natural for Female to require male financial compensation and/or commitment in form of "life-long pair-bonding" for the reproduction risk and other financial risk female had to take.
  • Female had to impress male too tough, some of the possible way are: feminim physical appearance (to guarantee fertility), showing niceness and cleverness (to guarantee nurturing for child). In some not so rare case however the "unfit" and "deviant" female may seek for "assets-to-sexual" transfer for their survival, or as strange it may seems, female who have left the financial dependencies stage, may choose to raise a human child not of their own genes.
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    3. (Behavior #3) Rests, leisure and social act, human value their leisure time so much, free to do what he wants other than behavior #1 and #2. This is very obviously observed in human-child, which have not entered behavior #1 and #2, and is also keenly observed in human capability of "humor" and "arts" (has no real economic value). This behavior gave rise to mammalian higher thought, for example: tribal tradition, local culture, which usually tied to bloodlines and further forming complex and abstract social structure, for example: the concept of nations, race, religion, which had nothing to do with bloodlines.

    • This drive is real, almost all human dream of having everything they want within their finger snap ("right here & right now!"), they don't want to do the dirty work, often if it is required, force other human to do the job for them. Slaves are excellent depiction of this, where the slave owner, the powerful minority, gains wealth through the effort of their slaves. Denying this pursue of rest and leisure will in the long-run resulted in individual reduced life time, and in short-run, the reduction of productivity and a possibility of "coordinated revolt" between human classes.

    Darwinian it may look like, but it's how Economics later had progressed from this simple but evolving structures. This articles attempt to lie down the basic building blocks for human behavior so we can have further economic construct.

    PS: All above are my individual commentaries which arrived to its present state through amalgamation of reading and observations. In attempt to analyze human, I deliberately choose to be a non-human observer, hopefully this could create a more objective review and analysis.

    I'll continue further after I take a rest.. :)